“I had snuck (or sneaked) out last night.” “The medallion had shone (or shined) in the sunlight.” “The medallion shined (or shone) in the sunlight.” “She had shown (or showed) him the door.” “She had lit (or lighted) another cigarette.” “She lighted (or lit) another cigarette.” “I had gotten (or got) nothing in return.” “The swimmer had quickly dived into the pool.” “The swimmer quickly dove (or dived) into the pool.” “She had forgotten (or forgot) to call back.” “I had awoken (or awaked or awakened) to a deafening hum.” “I awaked (or awoke or awakened) to a deafening hum.” Many other verbs offer writers alternative forms for past tense, past-participle tense, or both: “I’ll be hung by my feet over an open fire if I don’t finish this in time.” Hung in the latter sense is more likely to appear in a more casual context, as in a jocular usage or when referring to hanging in effigy: “The horse thief had been summarily hanged.” In reference to execution by hanging, however, hanged is often (but not always) used in both forms:
“They had hung the stockings with great care.” “They hung the stockings with great care.” When referring to an object, hung is employed for both simple past and past participle: The past-participle form of hang is a special case. “They had swum to the other end and back.” “The team had striven to come back from behind.” “The team strove to come back from behind.” “We had stridden along merrily the entire way.” “We strode along merrily the entire way.” “My friend had drunk three beers already.” Many of them are presented below in sample sentences with simple-past usage for comparison: Others, however, often literally give writers pause. Some past-participle forms are easily distinguished from their simple-past counterparts, as in the case of ate/eaten, for example, or saw/seen (“I ate already”/“I had eaten already” “We saw the movie”/“We had seen the movie”). But complications set in when the past participle - a verb assisted by an auxiliary verb, or a past-tense form of the verb to be - is employed. The simple past, the tense form that describes what has previously occurred, is fairly straightforward once one assimilates the forms for each irregular verb. Many other verbs, however, undergo more significant alterations to transform from references to present-tense actions to those representing actions performed in the past. In English, many verbs adapt simply to the past tense with the attachment of either -d or -ed, as in walk/walked or brake/braked.
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